by W.Bro. Rev. J.N. Cleland, M.A., D.D., P.P.Gr.Ch. (Kent).
In his Prestonian Lecture
("Medieval Master Masons and their Secrets") for the year 1933,
V.Bro.Rev.W.Covey-Crump, M.A., Gr. Chaplin (England), brought to the notice of
the Craft the very important influence which was exercised by the school of
Kabbalistic thought at the time of the formation of the 1717 Grant Lodge. Bro.
Covey-Crump subsequently expanded his thesis in a Paper delivered before the
Masonic Study society in London. Apart from this preliminary treatment of the
subjects the study of the Kabbal ah and its connection and parallels with
Freemasonry has been neglected, with the result that little is known of it by
members of our Order. I have therefore, in the present Paper, endeavoured to
repair the deficiency, and I trust that such light as I have been able to throw
on the subject will be of assistance to other Brethren who are also students of
the inner meaning of our Craft and its rituals.
At the outset, I would like to
say that in my opinion it is doubtful whether any Kabbalistic doctrines or
ideas were actually introduced into the Masonic system by such of our reformers
(using that word according to its fundamental meaning) as Ashmole, Fludd,
Montague, Desaguliers and the many others who were associated with the
inauguration of the Premier Grand Lodge. Rather, would I suggest that the Grand
Lodge era represents the coalescence of a number of parallel channels through
which the basic princi ples of the Ancient Wisdom had been transmitted through
the Middle Ages, and which it was than decided under reservations to reveal to
a section of the thinking public. This view receives confirmation from the
works of authors who have previously written concerning the same subject, for
nearly all of them admit that Kabbalism had some influence on the decisions
made during the period of transition from Operative to Speculative. Even Bro.
Robert Frete Gould, over cautious as he is, concedes that Freemasonry might
have received "no slight tinge" from those students of the Kabbalah
who have been identified as being n umbered among the leading minds of our
Order. These students, he informs us, were possibly more numerous than is
generally supposed and the larger the number the greater is the probability
that some of the more influential among them did indoctrinate their brethren
with their peculiar wisdom" (Gould's History). To sum up, the available
evidence warrants the conclusion that long before the emergence of Speculative
Freemasonry as an organised Society, the root principles of t he Ancient Wisdom
appear to have been grafted upon the decaying symbolism of the Guild and
Fellowship of Operative Masonry in Kabbalistic guise. However, before
proceeding to demonstrate this close connection which undoubtedly exists
between the Kabbalah and Freemasonry, I must give some indication of what the
Kabbalah really is because the average Masonic student has only a hazy idea for
what purpose the doctrine was evolved.
According to the definition
contained in the Oxford Dictionary the Kabbalah is, "Jewish oral
tradition; mystic interpretation; esoteric doctrine; occult lore". A
better and more explicit definition perhaps, is: "the Kabbalah is the
Judaic veil which hides from the vulgar gaze the wisdom of Israel". The
word Kabbalah (however spelt) is derived from the Hebrew QBLH, the literal
interpretation of which is, "an unwritten or oral tradition", from
the Hebrew verb QBL - "to receive". In other words, a Kabbalist ma y
be described as a student of the hidden meaning of Scriptures, which he
interprets by the aid of what is known as the symbolical Kabbalah. It will not
be possible in this Paper to go into the history of the various schools of
Hebrew mystics from whom the Kabbalistic tradition issued, but nevertheless it
will be necessary to refer briefly to some of them. Among the best known are
the Essenes who are described by Philo as "eminently worship pers of
God", by which he means to imply that they essayed to keep their minds in
a priestly state of holiness. Plato, speaking of the Essenes, also states that
"they study only that philosophy which pertains to the existence of God
and the beginning of all things, otherwise they devote all their attention to
ethics, using as their instructors the laws of their fathers, which, without
the outpouring of the Divine Spirit, the human mind could not have
devised...... for, following their ancient traditions, they attai ned their
philosophy by means of allegorical interpretation s .... of the love of God
they exhibit myriads of examples, inasmuch as they strive for a continued
uninterrupted life of purity and holiness; no one possesses a house absolutely
as his own, one which at the same time does not belong to all; for, in addition
to living together in companies, their houses are open also to their adhorants
coming from other quarters. They have one storehouse for all, and the same
diet; their garments belong to all in common, and their meals are taken in
common." From this desc ription, we may be pardoned if we commend them as
excellent examples of the true practice of Brotherly Love, Relief and Truth.
The following characteristics of the Essenes are important in regard to our
modern Freemasonry, and should be carefully noted:-
1..The great stress which they
laid upon Fellowship.
2..Their distinction from the
general populace by their higher sanctity.
3..Their devotion to the study
of the knowledge of God, and of the beginning of all things.
4..Their love of allegorical
interpretation.
These characteristics surely
present a fair picture of Freemasonry as it ought to be. Another significant
mystical group were known as the HASHAIM ("the secret ones"). The
members of this group reserved a room in their houses for the reception of a charity
box, where money could be deposited or withdrawn in the utmost privacy; the
contents of these charity boxes were collected and distributed by Almoners
appointed for the purpose. A third group were the VATIKIN ("men of firm
principles"), who are further described as "men who were meek and
carried out the Commandment from pure love"; meekness here stands for
something infinitely higher than the moral idea popularly associated with that
term, and its attainment could only be realised after a long and strenuous
training.
One of the most interesting
phases of Hebrew mystical thought is that known as the MERKABAH
("Chariot") Mysticism, which is peculiarly associated with the
interpretation of the first chapter of the Book of Ezekiel. And here, I would
call attention to a very curious prohibition existing in regard to the inner
meaning of the first chapters of the Book of Genesis. It was absolutely
forbidden to explain the secret doctrine to more than one person at a time, and
in the case of the Morkabah lore it was also forb idden to divulge "even
to one by himself unless he be a sage and of an original turn of mind."
This prohibition is referred to by Rabbi Zeera, who, writing in the third
century A.D. declares, "we may not divulge even the first words of the
chapters unless it be a chief of the Beth Din - "House of Judgment",
a technical term for the Jewish Court of Law - or, to one whose heart is
tempered by age and responsibility." Expressed Masonically the prohibition
a pplied to all those who were not "of mature age, sound judgment and
strict morals". In the Merkabah lore ministering Angels figure
prominently, especially one named Sandalphon (a corruption of the Greek
Sunadelphon - meaning co-brother), and this is significant from the point of
view of Freemasonry. The idea of the Word of God becoming transformed into an
angel and performing tasks among men is also found in the Logos doctrine
expounded by Philo, and forms the proem of the Gospel according to St. John. It
is likewi se clearly linked with the conception of the Spiritual Marriage
(human and divine) which figures largely in the Alchemic and Rosicrucian
philosophies. We may also note that in the Old Testament, Israel is
consistently alluded to as the "Bride", while God is represented as
the ideal "Bridegroom", arrayed in garments displaying the dignity of
manhood, and here, in the profoundest mystical sense, we have a direct link
with our Masonic tradition of the quest for the Lost Word.
The later Rabbinical epoch
(circa 700-1100 A.D. was productive of a large mystical literature, one branch
of which, the HEKALOT ("Halls") is reputed to have had for its origin
and inspiration YOREDE MERKABAH ("Riders in the Chariot"). According
to Dr. Louis Ginsberg these mystics were able "by various manipulations to
enter into a state of auto-hypnosis in which they declared they saw heaven open
before them and beheld its mysteries". The same writer also affirms:
"It was also believed that he only could u ndertake this Merkabah-ride who
was in possession of all religious knowledge, observed all the commandments and
precepts, and was almost superhuman in the purity of his life. This, however,
was regarded usually as a matter of theory, and less perfect men also
attempted, by fasting and prayer, to free their senses from the impressions of
the outer world, and succeeded in entering into a state of ecstasy in which
they recounted their heavenly visions". Abelson ("Jewish
Mysticism"), quoting this, points out t hat much of the belief still
survives. Modern research assigns a much earlier date to the origin of Morkabah
mysticism, and it may well be that it is a syncretism of Hebrew, Mithraic and
Neo-Platonic elements.
The Kabbalah is the ancient
Chaldean Sacred Doctrine, an occult tradition handed down by oral transmissions
but which, although accepting tradition, is not in itself composed only of
traditional teachings. It was once a fundamental science, not-withstanding the
undoubted fact that it is now disfigured by the additions and accretions of
centuries, and by the interpolation of western Occultists, more especially
those of Christian mystics. Originally the Kabbalah was communicated only
verbally, or "from mouth to ear", and this became known as the
Theoretic Kabbalah. There also came into being a Practical Kabbalah which concerned
itself largely with the interpretation of the letters of the Hebrew Alphabet,
as images or types of sounds, of numbers and of ideals. History bristles with
the names of learned and intellectual men who were students of the Kabbalah,
including Paracelsus, Henry Kunrath, Jacob Boehme, Robert Fludd, the two Van
Helmonts and Cornel ius Agrippa. There are to be found Cardinals, Abbots and ev
en Popes among the Churchmen, and exponents of almost every branch of science
and learning have numbered in the ranks, ranging from Masters of the Art to the
merest dabblers. The origin of the Kabbalah is lost in the mists of antiquity,
but there is evidence, even documentary, as far back as the Rabbis of the
Second Temple, 515 B.C. Before that date we have no proof of written records,
and there is no hint of an author, nor any trace of its first tea chers.
Nevertheless, we do know that the Kabbalah must ha ve existed for centuries in
a very complete form before anything was committed to writing, or otherwise
recorded. One curious point to note is the way in which the Kabbalistic
tradition has run parallel to, and yet kept distant from, the exoteric
Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament), and also from the
enormous mass of commentaries thereon, the Mishna and Gemara, which together
form the Talmud. The phenomenon is to be observed in I ndia also, where the
esoteric treatises, the Upanishds, gr ew alongside the purely exoteric Brahmans
and Puranas. Indeed, it must be recognised that there has been, and always will
be, a hidden side to Religion; even in the Church of Rome the name, if not the
fact, still is retained in the term, "The Discipline of the Secret."
We now pass to a consideration of some of the main Kabbalistic works. First and
foremost must be placed the SEPHER YETZIRAH (the "Book of
Formation"), which is by far the oldest work extant in the Hebrew
language. This Book outlines a philosophical scheme of Creation, bringing out
parallels between the origin of the world, the Sun, the Planets, the chemical
elements, and man; it also deals with the senses and other parts of the make-up
of man. Herein the twenty-t wo letters of the Hebrew Alphabet are divided into
a Triad, a Heptad and a Dodecad; three Mother letters, the foundation of the
Alphabet, and representing Air, Fire and Water, from which three basic elements
all Nature took form; seven Double letters, each expressing a double
significance, and representing the seven Planets and other septenaries; twelve
Single or Simple letters corresponding to the months of the year, the Zodiacal
Signs, and human organs. The Sepher Yetzirah is mentioned in both the Jerusa
lem and Babylonian Talmuds, and is written in that peculiar Neo-Hebraic
language used in the Mishna commentaries on the Pentateuch. Next in importance
is the ZOHAR (the "Book of Splendour" or "of Light"), its
very name recalling at once the emphasis which is laid upon the search for
"Light" in our modern Freemasonry, as well as the association with
"Light" as the central fact and object of quest and worship in
ancient Egypt. The Zohar is a collection of separate treatises relating to
souls, angels, cosmogon y and to God. There are many other Kabbalistic
treatises, but the two books I have mentioned are the most important.
A study of the Kabbalah reveals
a two-fold division; one part devoted to dogmatic and doctrinal research and
known as the "Dogmatic Kabbalah", the other concerning itself with
the practical or magical aspect and described as the "Practical
Kabbalah". Both of these branches have produced many outstanding figures,
and both of them have their representatives living today. The Dogmatic Kabbalah
deals largely with philosophical conceptions of God, of Angels, and of other
Beings presumably more spiritual than Man ; it considers the human soul and its
aspects and parts, and is devoted also to a study of pre-existence,
reincarnation and the division of the various planes of existence. The
Practical Kabbalah is concerned with the mystical and allegorical
interpretation of the Old Testament, dealing exhaustively with each phrase,
word and letter, and the connection between the letters and numbers and the
different modes of their inter-relation. It also lays down the main principles
of the three great sections of the Sc ience of NOTARICON and TEMURA. Further,
the Practical Kabbalah contains instructions for the making and use of amulets,
magic squares, the use of the Divine Names and those of the various Orders of
angels. One of the principal concepts found in the Kabbalah is the idea of
spiritual wisdom being reached by thirty-two paths, comprising ten numbers and
twenty-two letters; the ten SEPHIROTH ("Holy Voices") chanting by the
Crystal Sea, and the twenty-two Occu lt Forces of the Universe.
No exposition of Hebrew
mysticism would be complete without a reference to the SHECHINAH mysticism. The
Hebrew Scriptures contain two basic elements of Theological teaching: God
conceived of as Father, and conceived of as King. Being anxious to exclude
oppressors of their people, the Rabbis at first limited the conception of the
Fatherhood of God to Jews, but as the course of Hebrew history advanced and the
mystical tradition widened, a more spiritualised conception gradually emerged,
and the idea of Divin e Parenthood became linked with that of a Kingdom comprising
the Elect of God called out from all the nations. None the less, in the
Rabbinical Schools the two conceptions, the Fatherhood and the Kingdom of God,
found expression in the strict fellowship within the communal life, and this
was the basis of the Shechinah mysticism. The word Shechinah is derived from
the Hebrew root SHACHAN (to dwell), and it symbolises that "Divine-human
fellow ship which only fails when the human partner is in sin." It involv
es what, in the words of Brother Lawrence, is described as "the Practice
of the Presence of God". A famous Hebrew exponent declares that, "the
Shechinah only resides with him who is at once wise, strong and wealthy; where
wise indicates the perfection of spirituality; strong shows out the perfection
of physical qualities, and wealthy - or, as we are accustomed to call it -
beautiful, denotes the perfection of the moral qualities." In the o ld
Testament (Numbers, chapter 5. verses 24-26), the blessing prono unced by the
priest is given in the terms of Shechinah mysticism; "the Lord bless thee,
and keep thee; the Lord make his face to shine upon thee, and be gracious unto
thee; the Lord lift up His countenance - upon thee and give thee peace".
One of the best illustrations of underlying meaning of the Shechinah is
contained in the passage which occurs in the Book of Exodus (chapter 20, verse
18); "All the people saw". the voice of God in vario us forms, for
this links up the Hebrew conception with the Greek Log os or Word. This idea of
visible speech appears quite often in Scripture and mystical literature, and
the implication is that the phenomenon was not a vocal vibration, but was, as
it were, a ray of virtue so exceedingly brilliant as to be beyond the capacity
of the rational faculty. The same idea is also sometimes expressed in terms of
smell, as Aaron's Rod is said to have smelt the Shechinah.
Kabbalisticly the twenty-two
letters of the Hebrew alphabet are used to illustrate - or veil - the
Theosophic or doctrinal element. The three letters which play the principal
part in this are, ALEPH, MEM and SHIN, and these are called Mother letters
because they signify the three divisions into which the alphabet naturally
falls:-
(1)..MUTES, possessing of
themselves no sound except in combination with a vowel. "M" will be
found to be merely a compression of the lips.
(2)..SIBILANTS, or hissing
sounds, denoted by SH.
(3)..ASPIRATES, which the
ancient Theosophists hold to be intermediate between the other two groups.
"A" was taken to represent this group.
All other letters were held to
be born from the three Mothers, and these were associated with the three
primordial elements; Mem with WATER, because the chief product of water is
fish, and fish are the mute creation; Shin with FIRE, from the hissing of the
flames; and Aleph with AIR, as having an airy, vacant pronunciation, holding
the balance between mute and sibilant, as air holds the balance between fire
and water. Speaking of the Mother letters, the Sepher Yetzirah says of them:
"The heavens were produc ed from Fire; the earth from Water; and the air
from the Spirit is as a reconciler between the Fire and the Water ... from the
Fire was made heat, from the Water was made cold, and from the Air was produced
the temperate state, again a mediator between them." From the three Mother
letters come forth seven Double letters: BETH, GIMEL, DALETH, KAPH, PE, RESH
and TAU, each embodying the characteristics of the sacred Planets, and just as
each have a double aspect and influence, so the seven double letters have two aspects,
or their hard and soft sounds, which modify the meaning of the words in which
they are used. There are finally twelve simple letters which are associated
with the twelve signs of the Zodiac: HEH, VAU, ZAIN, CHETH, TETH, YOD, LAMED,
NUN, SAMECH, OIN, TZADDI and QOPH, These Simple letters give special force to
the words in which they are used, modified by the varying power of the Double
letters in the word, just as the twelve Houses give significance t o a
Horoscope, but are modified by the posit ion of the Planets in each House.
Hence, the twelve simple letters represent the twelve properties or potencies
which make up the earth's aura, while the seven double letters, like the seven
Planets, represent the seven ELOHIM oppressed through the seven Nature notes,
and the seven colours into which the One Light (or Yod) is broken up. It is
significant to note that the division of the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew
alphabet into groups of three, seven and twelve letters res pectively,
corresponds to the number of units shown on the three parts of the traditional
form of the "True Cross", viz. three units the upper arm, seven the
cross-bar, and twelve the upright below the cross-bar.
We may now consider the
Kabbalah in the light of the two main divisions, the Dogmatic and the
Practical, but must not lose sight of the fact that the whole teaching is based
upon the assumption that every sentence, phrase, word and letter of the Hebrew
Pentateuch is Divinely inspired, and that no "Jod nor tittle" may be
changed or neglected. One of the most famous of the 17th. century Rabbins,
Rabbi Menassek ben Israel, compares the Mosaic books to the body of man, the
Mishna (commentaries) to his soul; and the Kabbalah to the spirit inhabiting
the soul. Simon ben Yochai says: "Woe unto the man who sees in the Torah
nothing but simple narratives and ordinary words, for if, in truth, it
contained only that, we should have been able, even today, also to compose a
Torah which would be, in very much another way, worthy of regard. In order to
find simple statements we should only have to betake ourselves to the ordinary
legislators, among whom we could find valuable words in even greater quantity.
It would suf fice us to imitate them and to make a law after their words and
example. But it is not thus. Every word of the Torah contains an elevated sense
and a sublime mystery". He also affirms: "The narratives of the law
are but the garments of the Law. Woe unto him who takes this garment for the
Law itself! It is in this sense, that David spoke saying, "Open thou mine
eyes, that I may behold wondrous things out of thy Law" (Psalm 119, verse
18). There are fools who, seeing a man covered with a beautiful garment, look
no further than that; and yet that which gives a worth to the garment is his
body, and what is more precious than that, his soul. The Law, too, has its
body. There are precepts which one might call the body of the law. The ordinary
narratives which are intermingled are the garments with which the body is
covered. Simpletons have regard only to the garments or narratives of the
Law.... the better instructed pay no regard to the garment, but to the body wh
ich it encloses. Finally, the wise, the servants of the Supreme King, they who
inhabit the heights of Sinai, are concerned only with the soul which is the
foundation of all else, which is the real Law." I have already mentioned
that there are three methods of interpretation applicable to the Practical
Kabbalah, and as much in Freemasonry is undoubtedly concealed under Kabbalistic
veils, it is desirable that students should know something about them. The
following is therefore a brief explanation suitable as an in troduction for
beginners:-
(1)..GEMATRIA: is the method of
interpretation by means of which a name or word of a certain numerical value is
related to others of the same value. In this manner numbers become associated
with ideas. An example commonly given is MShICh (Messiah) which numerically is
358, which is also the numerical value of IBA ShILH ("Shiloh shall come"
- Genesis, chapter 49, verse 10). The letter value of Shin is 300, and this
became an emblem of Divinity because Ruach Elohim (RUCh ALHIM), "The
spirit of the Living Go d," is also 300 when interpreted numerically.
(2)..NOTARICON: or
Abbreviation, takes two forms: (a) .. A word is formed from the initials or
finals of a sentence. For example in the Book of Deuteronomy (chapter 30, verse
12), Moses asks, "Who shall go up for us to Heaven?" - MI IOLH LNV
HShMILH - the initials spelling MILH, meaning Circumcision, and the finals
IHVH, the Holy Name or Tetregrammaton. For this reason it is claimed that
Circumcision is a feature of the way to God in heaven.
(b)..Is the reverse of this
process.
(3)..TEMURA: is more
complicated and it has led to a great variety of modes of interpretation. Many
commonly used cyphers are based upon its permutations, and one example is that
of writing half of the alphabet, and under it, the other half reversed, then
substituting the English A for Z. The Hebrew A for T, and so on. Each such permutation
has a name, the complete series being known as the combinations of
"Tziruph." Again, a square of 22 by 22 is frequently used, the
letters of the Hebrew alphabet being pl aced in each square in order up and
down, and then read across or diagonally. The well known Playfair Cypher is
based upon this principle, is based upon this principle, as also is the
so-called Mark Degree Cypher (the Kabbalah of Nine Chambers), which is
incidentally, used in the M.M.T.B. Other developments involve numerical expansions
and contractions, and of these the best known is probably the Tetrogrammaton
(JHVH) expressed numerically as 26, or reduced to a digit - 8 (JHVH in numbers
is 10,5,6,5 i.e. 2 6, which reduced is 2 plus 6, 3). According to this method
the Holy One, blessed be His Name, is recognised as a Trinity, because God
Almighty - AL ShDI - is 3, 4, 5, which totals 12, and reduces to 3, a triad.
Masonic students will not fail to note the connection here with the Pythagorean
3 - 4 - 5 triangle as a symbol of three-fold Deity. By repeating the
Tetragrammaton four times the 3 - 4 - 5 triangle becomes an important glyph;
one complet e name is placed in the centre, and the other three are mixed and
divided into words of 3, 4 and 5, corresponding to the sides of the triangle,
and reading HIH, HVVH, VIHIH) the whole reading JEHOVAH - that was, is, and is
to be.
It will not be possible, within
the limits of the present Paper, to describe the Dogmatic Kabbalah in detail,
and I must therefore confine myself to quoting from the seven ideals of
Kabbalism as these are summarised by Dr. Wynn Westcott:-
(1)..God, the Holy One, the
Supreme Incomprehensible One, AIN SUPH, is not the direct Creator of the world.
Everything proceeded from the primordial source by successive emanations, each
reaching a lower level than the preceding one. Hence, the Universe is, in fact,
God manifested, the last and farthest removed production being matter, which is
therefore seen as that which is deprived of perfection.
(2)..All that is known or perceived
is formed upon the type-model of the Sephiroth.
(3)..Human souls have
pre-existence in the higher worlds even before the origination of our world.
(4)..Before incarnation they
now dwell in the Upper hall or Treasury, wherein it is decided what body each
shall enter.
(5)..Each soul, after spending
its life or lives on earth, must undergo purification before it is ready to be
re-absorbed into the Infinite God.
(6)..One life on earth is
seldom sufficient. Two are necessary for almost all, and, if the second is a
failure, a third is required, but the weak soul is linked to a stronger soul
which acts as helper.
(7)..When all pro-existent
souls which have incarnated on earth have reached perfection, the Evil Angels
will also be raised to perfection, and all lives merged in the One Life of
Deity by the "Kiss of Love" from the mouth of the Holy One, and the
manifested Universe will be no more until it pleases the Deity to re-vivify it
by His Divine fiat.
There is, as I have previously
stated, much more in the Dogmatic Kabbalah than is evident from the foregoing,
but we cannot in this place enlarge upon it as this would necessitate a careful
study of the divisions and appurtenances of the Four World and many other
technicalities. The doctrine of Emanations alone, which involves a complete
review of the Sephiroth and their links and offices, requires a detailed
treatment quite outside the scope of a Paper of this nature.
To return to Freemasonry and
the formation of the premier Grand Lodge in the year 1717, although much is
obscure, one thing at least is certain, namely that at this period the inner
Christian tradition was given peculiar emphasis, being expressed under
numerical and Kabbalistic veils. It is, for instance, significant to find that
the number 888, which in the Greek Kabbalah is the number of the Christ
manifest as Jesus, has some very curious connections with Speculative
Freemasonry. The title ENTERED APPREN TICE MASON is made up of three words,
each of which adds up to 8, so that when a Candidate becomes an E.A,, he
appears, "ipso facto", as a potential Anointed One, a possible
Salvator. In order to become a Mason at all he has, unknown to himself, to be
in possession of a pass-word leading to the E.A., Degree, and each of the two forms
in which this pass appears add up to 8, giving, with the newly-made Mason
himself, again 888. But we can go further, to something still more obvious; the
very first W.T. with which he is presented, a tool which summarises his whole
life on earth and hereafter, is the 21 inch gauge, divided, in a thoroughly
unpractical manner, if you come to think of it, into three portions expressing
the same mystic number - 888. The number 8 is, of course, definitely a number
signifying Matter, in contrast to 9, as the number of Spirit. We may also note
that the term "twenty-four inch gauge" spelt out fully adds up to 98,
a combination of the numbers of Spirit and Matter, and reduces to 17, wh ich
again is 8. The Apron with which the Candidate is invested is 10, and thus a
symbol of the Tetractys, but, as the lamb-skin it appears as 27, the number of
the perfect man, 72, reversed, or reflected, or brought into manifestation, yet
still reducing to the spiritual number 9. A curious point arises in connection
with the Candidate's affirmation that the "predominant wish of his
heart" is for "Light". Light is 29, reducing to 11. The word
"three" spe lt out is also 29, or 11, and the phrase "Three Less
er Lights" gives 29, 24, and 30, reducing to 2, 6 and 3, which total 11.
"Great" is also 24 and "Emblematical" is 42, so that
"Three Great Lights" and "Three Emblematical Lights" are
each 11. Bible, Square and Compasses, commuted separately give 21, 27 and 29. a
total of 77, or 7 multiplied by 11. "White" is associated with
perfection of light, and also with the stones and the Apron, and
"white" is 11. With regard to 9 and 8 as types of Spirit and Matter,
w e may note that the two Great Pillars, which are e mblematical of these two
states (B signifying Matter, and J Spirit) add up to respectively, even in our
English spelling, to 3 and 9, as 17 and 27. In Hebrew they are BO-AZ and IK-IN,
the syllables being 72-8 and 30-60, and 30 multiplied by 60 is 1800, while 72
multiplied by 8 is 576, and 1800 multiplied by 576 equals 1,036,800, or 10 Kali
Yugas, the Great Cycles of the Hindus calculated in solar years. The digits of
the syllables 3,6,7,2,8 add to 26, the number of t he Tetragrammaton (JHVH),
and this is th e "Centre" which is 14, a variant of the same name.
Another hint of Christian doctrine appears in the spelling of Solomon, under
the type of the division of 1800, as SIMN, or 60, 30, 40, 50, compared with
LOVE as 3645. Those digits represent the Pythagorean triangle, 3 and 4 being
perpendicular and base, 6 the area contained in these two joined at right
angles, and 5 the resultant hypotenuse. The material investiture of the
Candidate is accentuated by the fact that Hir am King of Tyre reduces to 89,
Solomon King of Israel is 94 (reducing to the mystic 13), and Hiram Abiff is
linked with the Tetractys in the perfect balance 55 equals 10. It is worth
mentioning here, that if the vibrations of the musical scale (or any other
scale for that matter) are reduced to proportionate whole numbers, the least
possible, we get 24, 27, 30, 32, 36, 40, 45, 48. These give us two
Pythagorean triangles based on
6 and 9; viz. 24, 32, 40 and 27, 36, 47 linked by a balancing number involving
t he trinity of the Tetractys, 3 multi plied by 10, or 30. The intervals in the
scale are 1/8, 1/9, 1/15, 1/9, 1/8, 1/15, and if the denominators are added
again we find the number of perfect man, 72.
We cannot possibly deal with
the whole of the numerology of the Craft on this occasion, but I can recommend
the application of Kabbalistic principles to Freemasonry as a most fascinating
study, and even more so if you can go into Greek and Hebrew equivalents as
well. V.W.Bro. Covey-Crump pointed out some of these in his Prestonian Lecture,
noting that while number of men joined Freemasonry in the early days of the
1717 revival in order to obtain knowledge of interest to Rosicrucians and
Kabbalists, others i ntroduced such secrets. He also suggested that the ladder
and other symbols were introduced at that period, and that there was a
transition from two pillars only (J and B) to the three of today, associated
with Wisdom, Strength and Beauty; at any rate these, together with the
All-Seeing Eye, became more prominent about that time. The latter is
interesting, by the way. All Seeing is 38 equals 11 and Eye is 17 equals 8,
giving the idea of Light manifest; the total is 55 (38 plus 17), the same
balance as in H. Abiff, and reducing to the Tetractys - 10. So we find a very
strong accent on Gematric, and are reminded of the saying attributed to
Pythagoras, "Omnia in numeris sita sint", (all things exist in
number). I will now quote some of the examples given by V.W. Bro. Covey-Crump,
expanding these where necessary.
The Middle Chamber of K.S.T. is
assumed to be a perfect square. The Greek is MESON TAMEION which is 481 (29 ^2
), and AKE which is 29, and means a Point. The Hebrew is TZELA TIKUNAH which
equals 676 (26 ^ 2 ) and JHVH equals 25. Curiously enough the English
equivalent "The Middle Chamber of King Solomon's Temple works out at 169,
which is 13 ^ 2 ) a point which he did not reach.
The Altar of Incense, which
used to stand in the middle of the Lodge - and still does in some Lodges is a
double cube. The Greek TO THUSIASTERION which equals 1728 12 ^ 3 or 6 ^ 3
multiplied by 2 ^ 3.
Jacob's ladder furnishes
another example; the three named rungs are Faith, Hope and Charity, and Faith
and Hope are 26 each, while Charity is 39 i.e. 3 multiplied by 13. The Greek
PISTIS is 800, ELPIS is 325, and AGAPE is 93; added together they total 1,218
which divided into two equal parts viz. 609 gives the Greek ASTER ORTHRINOS,
meaning Blazing Star (609 plus 609). If, from 1,218 we take our cube of 6,
which has always been associated with the Perpend Ashlar, and 6 being the area
of the 345 triangle, w e get 1,218 minus 216 which equals 1,002, the value of
the Greek HE KLIMAX IAKOB, the Ladder of Jacob, itself, in English, a curious
balance of 6, as 66. The Perfect Ashlar is enclosed in 6 squares, and 1,002 is
one half of 2,004, the sum of the four elements, fire, air, earth and water.
Our three Pillars are, in Greek, KALLOS (Beauty), 351; ISCHUS (Strength),
1,410, and SOPHIA (Wisdom), 781. Added together, these give 2,542, which joins
the vis ible and invisible worlds, because 2,542 is 1,271 multiplied by 2, and
1271 is the value of KOSMOS (600), plus, PARADEISOS (671). In English the
Pillars are 29, 39 and 20, which when added gives 88 (balanced 8), the
equivalent to the balance of Faith and Hope, each of which being 26 reduces to
8. Wisdom (29), as the summit reduces to 11, the equivalent, as we have seen,
to Light.
The Three Grand Principles of
our Order are, in Greek, PHILADELPHIA, 1,091; EPARKIA, 222; and ALETHEIA, 64,
giving a total of 1,377, which is 3 X 459. ARETAI AGLEI (Bright Virtues) also
gives 159, and it should be noted that 459 is 3 X 153, an important Gospel
(N.T.) number, as for instance, in the story of the fishes caught in the
unbroken net by the Apostles after the Resurrection.
The Sacred symbol, usually
represented by the letter "G", is equivalent, from one point of view,
to JHVH, which is depicted on the F.C.T.B., over the top of the stair. It is
probable that the 17th. and 18th. Century worthies responsible for the modern
Craft had in mind the Pythagorean Tetractys, with ten Yods, Commas or Dots; as
a Disciple says, "Sea! What you thought to be four, was really ten",
This is the great Distributed Name, referred to by the Hebrews, and already
mentioned in this paper, as SHEMHA MPHORESH. By the distribution of JHVH in
place of the Yods, the unpronounceable 10 becomes 72, denoting the absolute of
perfection, as the perfect man was of 72 inches stature. In gradual revelation
it becomes a single Yod, as seen over the G.M.'s Chair in the Grand Temple of
the U.G.L. of England. It is constantly found as a Yod within an equilateral
triangle, as in Cornelius Agrippa and Athanasius Kircher. 72 is Perfect God and
Perfect Man, and, redu ced to 9, Perfect Spirit in both; here 9 is Deity and 8
is Man, and 8 X 9 equals 72. To Companions of the H.R.A. this should have a
special appeal, and I might also add, that the names of the Three Principals in
the Chapter added together give 648, which is 72 X 9, as well as 81 X 8; the
Greek TELETE (perfection) is 648.
There is a true maxim that,
"All things are made by measure, weight and number". Suffice it to say,
that at the beginning of the Grand Lodge era there was a group of mystics and
students of arcane wisdom who styled themselves "The Acception". a
title which reduces to 11 numerically, and is equivalent to the Kabbalah, as
the received or accepted doctrine, which may account for the fact that the
organisation perpetuating these truths and building them into a regular system
adopted the name, "Free and Accepte d Mason"; KABAL is literally
"man who is perfect", in the sister languages Hebrew and Arabic. However,
I am of the opinion that; not only were the Founders of Speculative Freemasonry
deeply versed in Kabbalistic lore, but they also had much more than an inkling
of that great body of teaching known variously as the Ancient Wisdom, the
Secret Doctrine and Theou Sophia. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to add that the
Ancient Wisdom is the foundation upon which h as been built every Religious or
Philosophical syst em the world has known.
As a fitting conclusion to my
Paper; I would like to close this study of one particular facet of the diamond
of Truth with the Benediction known as that of the First Ray. It calls down a
blessing from those of our Brethren who have gone before us and have attained
to that perfection which is the aim of every enlightened and earnest Freemason,
and, above all from Him, who is the Master of the Great White Lodge, whence
comes all Truth and all Power to Initiate, to membership of which we should all
most humbl y aspire. He is the One Initiator, though He uses many Brethren of lesser
rank to be His Messengers and Channels of His Power:-
"May the Holy Ones, whose
pupils you aspire to become, show you the Light you seek, give you the strong
aid of their Compassion and their Wisdom.
There is a Peace that passeth
understanding. It abides in the hearts of those who live in the eternal. There
is a Power that makes all things now. It lives and moves in those who know the
Self as One. May that Peace brood over you, that Power uplift you, till you
stand where the ONE INITIATOR is invoked, till you see His STAR shine
forth".
AMEN. S.M.I.B.
Peace be to all Beings.
From:
http://www.4masonry.com/education/files/artdec03/kabbalah_and_freemasonry.htm
LINKS:
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The Kabbalah and Freemasonry
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Kabbalah and Freemasonry - W. Kirk MacNulty
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Tree of Life of the Kabbalah and Morality
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A Brief Look At The Kabbalah
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